Design and Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds for Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activity

Abstract

This study explores the design and synthesis of heterocyclic compounds as potential agents for anticancer and antimicrobial therapies through an in-depth secondary analysis of contemporary scientific literature. Heterocyclic compounds, characterized by rings containing heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, exhibit remarkable biological versatility and therapeutic potential. The research emphasizes their structural diversity, synthetic strategies, and structure–activity relationships that contribute to their pharmacological efficacy. Nitrogen-based heterocycles like imidazoles, pyridines, and quinazolines demonstrate potent anticancer properties, while sulfur- and oxygen-containing heterocycles such as thiazoles and oxazoles show significant antimicrobial activity. The integration of computational modeling and green synthesis methods enhances both precision and sustainability in heterocyclic drug development. Findings indicate that these compounds provide a promising foundation for multifunctional drug discovery targeting cancer and resistant microbial infections.