Impact of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on the Growth and Physiological Parameters of Vigna radiate

Abstract

Nanotechnology has become increasingly important in agriculture, where nanoparticles are being explored as potential tools for enhancing plant growth, nutrient uptake and stress tolerance. The present study investigates the effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ NPs) on the growth and physiology of Vigna radiata (Green Gram), a widely cultivated legume crop. Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesised using a co-precipitation method and applied to seedlings at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/L under hydroponic conditions in Hoagland’s solution. Key growth parameters including seed germination percentage, root and shoot length, chlorophyll content, protein levels, carbohydrate levels and phenolic compounds were measured on the 7th and 15th days. Results showed that Fe₃O₄ NPs significantly enhanced germination and stimulated root and shoot elongation in a dose-dependent manner, with maximum growth observed at higher concentrations. Physiological parameters also improved, indicating that Fe-based nanoparticles may play a beneficial role in enhancing nutrient availability and photosynthetic efficiency. However, the potential risks of nanoparticle accumulation and long-term toxicity warrant further investigation. This study highlights both the promise and caution required in applying nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture.