Meconopsis aculeata Royle: Ethnobotany, Pharmacological Potential, Threats and Conservation Strategies of an Endangered Himalayan Medicinal Plant

Abstract

The Himalayan region is a global hotspot of biodiversity and an invaluable repository of medicinal plants. Meconopsis aculeata Royle, commonly known as the Blue Poppy or Queen of Himalaya, is an endangered species of the Papaveraceae family with high ethnomedicinal value. Traditionally, it has been used to treat rheumatic pains, fever, bacterial infections and bone-related ailments and is also known for its antipyretic and analgesic properties. Recent molecular and pharmacological studies reveal its strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and hepatoprotective activities, attributed to diverse secondary metabolites such as phenolics, flavonoids and essential oils. Despite its immense therapeutic potential, M. aculeata faces severe threats due to overexploitation, habitat loss, overgrazing and climate change, leading to its listing as an endangered species in the IUCN Red List. Conservation strategies such as in vitro propagation, ecological niche modelling and sustainable land-use practices are urgently needed to ensure its survival. This paper highlights the ethnobotanical relevance, biological activities, threats and conservation approaches for M. aculeata, underscoring its significance for both traditional medicine and modern pharmacology.