Quantum Dot Solar Cells (QDSCs): Mechanisms, Efficiency Enhancement and Commercial Prospects for Next-Generation Photovoltaics

Abstract

Solar energy is one of the most abundant and renewable energy sources available, yet the limitations of conventional silicon-based solar cells—including high production costs, complex fabrication and the Shockley–Queisser efficiency limit—have constrained their commercial scalability. Quantum Dot Solar Cells (QDSCs) represent a revolutionary approach, leveraging quantum mechanical effects such as tunable band gaps and multiple exciton generation (MEG) to achieve higher power conversion efficiencies. This study investigates the mechanisms that enhance the photovoltaic performance of QDSCs, including extended spectrum absorption, efficient charge separation and minimized recombination. Colloidal quantum dots such as CdSe, PbS and InAs were synthesized, characterized and integrated into solar cell architectures. Device testing demonstrated a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.25% with high stability under long-term illumination, highlighting the practical viability of QDSCs. The findings suggest that quantum dot solar technology can surpass traditional efficiency limits and provide a scalable solution for sustainable energy production. This research contributes to advancing next-generation photovoltaics by bridging material science innovations with renewable energy applications.