Human–Leopard Coexistence Dynamics: An Ecological and Social Assessment of Jhalana Forest, Jaipur, India

Abstract

Human–leopard coexistence in urban landscapes has emerged as a critical conservation concern, particularly in rapidly expanding Indian cities where wildlife habitats are increasingly fragmented. Jhalana Forest in Jaipur represents a unique case of a thriving leopard population living entirely within an urban matrix, offering valuable insights into predator adaptability and human tolerance. This study examines the ecological and social dimensions shaping coexistence in Jhalana by assessing leopard habitat use, prey availability, behavioural adaptations, and human–leopard interaction patterns. Using a mixed-methods approach that integrates ecological field observations with community surveys and stakeholder interviews, the research identifies key factors supporting coexistence, such as the availability of microhabitats, flexible dietary behaviour, and community attitudes influenced by conservation awareness and tourism. Findings reveal that while leopards exhibit behavioural modifications to avoid conflict, human perceptions vary depending on livelihood dependence, exposure to tourism, and previous interactions with wildlife. Management challenges include habitat fragmentation, encroachment, road disturbances, and unregulated tourist pressure. The study concludes that sustainable coexistence requires a holistic strategy combining scientific monitoring, community engagement, and urban-wildlife-sensitive policy frameworks. Jhalana serves as a model for urban carnivore conservation, demonstrating that harmonious coexistence is achievable when ecological needs and social dynamics are jointly addressed.