Moral Relativism vs. Universal Ethics: Navigating Ethical Frameworks in Global Societies

Abstract

This study explores the enduring philosophical and practical tension between moral relativism and universal ethics within the context of global societies. Moral relativism contends that ethical values are context-dependent, shaped by cultural, historical, and social conditions, and therefore cannot be universally applied without undermining cultural autonomy. In contrast, universal ethics insists on the existence of moral principles—such as justice, equality, and human dignity—that transcend cultural differences and provide a common foundation for global cooperation. The clash between these perspectives becomes especially visible in debates on human rights, gender equality, freedom of expression, bioethics, and environmental responsibility, where cultural practices often conflict with international norms. In a globalized world characterized by interconnectedness, migration, and technological advancement, this debate is not only philosophical but also pragmatic, influencing law, diplomacy, and social cohesion. This research aims to evaluate these competing frameworks and consider pathways toward ethical pluralism and global consensus.