Euthanasia and Its Legal Position in India: An Analytical Study

Abstract

Euthanasia, also known as mercy killing, refers to the deliberate ending of life to relieve suffering, usually of terminally ill patients. It is derived from the Greek words “eu” (good) and “thanatos” (death), meaning “good death.” This paper examines the concept, types, ethical debates, arguments for and against legalization and the evolving legal position of euthanasia in India. The study discusses voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia, as well as active and passive forms, while analyzing constitutional, ethical and judicial perspectives. Special focus is given to landmark judgments such as Gian Kaur v. State of Punjab and Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug v. Union of India, culminating in the Supreme Court’s 2018 recognition of passive euthanasia and living wills. The paper concludes with recommendations for clear legislation to balance the right to die with dignity and the protection of life.