Social Realism, Humanism, and the Representation of the Marginalized in Mulk Raj Anand’s Fiction

Abstract

This paper examines the intertwining of social realism and humanism in the works of Mulk Raj Anand, one of the pioneering figures of Indian English literature. Anand’s fiction reflects his deep concern for the marginalized and the oppressed, capturing the struggles of peasants, laborers, and outcastes in colonial and early postcolonial India. By analyzing novels such as Untouchable (1935), Coolie (1936), Two Leaves and a Bud (1937), The Road (1961), and Across the Black Waters (1940), the study highlights how Anand blends Marxist ideals with Gandhian ethics, creating a unique narrative that champions dignity, justice, and compassion. His use of realism, colloquial speech, and psychological depth presents Indian society with stark honesty while insisting on the fundamental humanity of his characters. The paper argues that Anand’s commitment to humanism elevates his social critique beyond mere protest, turning his novels into enduring calls for empathy and reform.