Nanoelectronics and Emerging Devices: Trends, Opportunities, and Research Challenges

Abstract

Nanoelectronics has emerged as a driving force in the advancement of modern technology, enabling the miniaturization of devices and the enhancement of computational efficiency beyond the limits of traditional semiconductor scaling. By operating at the nanoscale, nanoelectronic devices exploit unique quantum and material properties, offering unprecedented opportunities for faster, smaller, and more energy-efficient systems. Emerging devices such as carbon nanotube transistors, graphene-based electronics, molecular devices, spintronic systems, and memristors are paving the way for next-generation computing, biomedical applications, and sustainable energy solutions. Despite these promising developments, several challenges hinder the widespread adoption of nanoelectronics, including fabrication scalability, material reliability, device variability, and integration with conventional CMOS technologies.

This review paper explores the latest trends in nanoelectronics, identifies key emerging devices, and examines opportunities for innovation in fields such as artificial intelligence, healthcare, and the Internet of Things (IoT). It also highlights research challenges related to manufacturing, reliability, and standardization, which must be addressed to realize the full potential of nanoelectronics. By consolidating current advancements and open issues, the paper provides valuable insights for researchers, engineers, and policymakers working toward the development of robust, scalable, and sustainable nanoelectronic technologies.